:root{--paper:#ffffff;--tint:#f3f2ee;--ink:#14181c;--ink-soft:#565b60;--ink-faint:#8a8f93;--rule:#dcdad2;--verified:#2f6e4f;--verified-bg:#e9f2ec;--corrected:#a85c1d;--corrected-bg:#f6ece0;--draft:#6b6f73;--draft-bg:#ececea;--link:#2f6e4f;--footer-bg:#14181c;--accent:#0e7490;--title:var(--ink);--title-on-dark:#fff;--accent-glow:rgba(14, 116, 144, 0.28);--grid-line:rgba(20, 24, 28, 0.045);--band:#232a30;color-scheme:light;--surface-dark:#000;--surface-dark-soft:#14181c;--surface-placeholder:#e4e2da;--on-dark-strong:#fff;--on-dark-soft:#e4e6e7;--on-dark:#c9ccce;--on-dark-faint:#8a8f93;--on-dark-dim:#565b60;--rule-strong:#b9b7ac;--rule-on-dark:#343a40;--rule-on-dark-band:#3d454c;--font-display:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "PingFang TC",
    "Microsoft JhengHei", "Noto Sans CJK TC", sans-serif;--font-wordmark:Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;--font-body:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "PingFang TC",
    "Microsoft JhengHei", "Noto Sans CJK TC", sans-serif;--font-mono:ui-monospace, "SF Mono", "Cascadia Code", Consolas,
    "Roboto Mono", monospace;--content-width:700px;--page-width:1120px}*{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:16px;line-height:1.6;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}a{color:var(--link);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid transparent}a:hover,a:focus-visible{border-bottom-color:initial}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--verified);outline-offset:2px}img{max-width:100%}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}.page{max-width:var(--page-width);margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px}.prose{max-width:var(--content-width)}.main-inner{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:24px}.utility{background:var(--surface-dark);color:var(--on-dark);font-size:12px}.utility-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px}.utility a{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-bottom:none}.utility a:hover{border-bottom:1px solid var(--on-dark-strong)}.masthead{max-width:var(--page-width);margin:0 auto;padding:26px 24px 18px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:flex-end;flex-wrap:wrap}.masthead-wordmark{font-family:var(--font-wordmark);font-size:40px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:.01em}.masthead-wordmark a{color:var(--ink);border-bottom:none}.masthead-tagline{margin:8px 0 4px;max-width:380px;color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:14px}.nav-wrap{border-top:2px solid var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.site-nav{max-width:var(--page-width);margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.site-nav a{display:inline-block;padding:12px 0 9px;margin-right:30px;color:var(--ink);font-size:15px;font-weight:600;border-bottom:3px solid transparent}.site-nav a:hover,.site-nav a:focus-visible{border-bottom-color:var(--verified)}.site-nav a.is-active{border-bottom-color:var(--ink)}.status-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;padding:1px 8px 1px 7px;border:1px solid transparent;white-space:nowrap}.status-badge::before{content:"";width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%;background:currentColor;margin-right:6px}.status-badge--verified{color:var(--verified);background:var(--verified-bg);border-color:var(--verified)}.status-badge--corrected{color:var(--corrected);background:var(--corrected-bg);border-color:var(--corrected)}.status-badge--draft{color:var(--draft);background:var(--draft-bg);border-color:var(--rule-strong)}.label{color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:13px;margin-left:10px}.label:hover{color:var(--ink)}.topic-tag{color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:12px;border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);padding:1px 7px;margin-left:8px}.topic-tag:hover{border-color:var(--ink);color:var(--ink)}.hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2fr 1fr;column-gap:44px;padding:32px 0 36px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.lead-img{display:block;border-bottom:none;margin-bottom:18px}.lead-img img{width:100%;display:block}.lead-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:38px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;margin:14px 0 12px}.lead-title a{color:var(--ink);border-bottom:none}.lead-title a:hover{color:var(--link)}.lead-summary{font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:var(--ink-soft);margin:0 0 14px}.lead-takeaways{margin:0 0 16px;padding:0 0 0 20px;font-size:15px;border-left:3px solid var(--ink);list-style-position:inside;padding-left:14px}.lead-takeaways li{margin-bottom:4px}.section{padding:32px 0 6px}.section-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;margin:0 0 6px;padding-top:10px;border-top:3px solid var(--ink);font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:22px;font-weight:700}.section-head a{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:13px;font-weight:400}.item{display:flex;padding:18px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.item-thumb{flex:0 0 150px;margin-right:16px;border-bottom:none}.item-thumb img{width:100%;display:block}.item-body{flex:1;min-width:0}.item-meta{font-size:13px}.item-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:19px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:600;margin:8px 0 4px}.item-title a{color:var(--ink);border-bottom:none}.item-title a:hover{color:var(--link)}.item-summary{margin:0 0 6px;font-size:14px;color:var(--ink-soft)}.item-date{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-faint)}.item-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;column-gap:44px}.item-list{border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.topic-cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;column-gap:44px}.hero-side .item:first-of-type{padding-top:0}.empty{color:var(--ink-faint);padding:24px 0}.topic-index{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);max-width:var(--content-width)}.topic-index li{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:14px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:19px}.topic-index span{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-faint)}.site-footer{background:var(--footer-bg);color:var(--on-dark);margin-top:56px;padding:40px 0 28px;font-size:14px}.footer-cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2fr 1fr 1fr;column-gap:32px}.footer-wordmark{font-family:var(--font-wordmark);font-size:22px;font-weight:700;color:var(--on-dark-strong);margin-bottom:8px}.footer-brand p{margin:0;max-width:300px}.footer-col h4{color:var(--on-dark-strong);font-size:14px;margin:0 0 10px}.footer-col ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.footer-col li{margin-bottom:6px}.site-footer a{color:var(--on-dark);border-bottom:none}.site-footer a:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-bottom:1px solid var(--on-dark-strong)}.footer-copy{margin-top:32px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-on-dark);font-size:12px;color:var(--on-dark-faint)}.article-header{padding-top:24px}.article-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:34px;line-height:1.35;margin:14px 0 10px}.article-meta{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px;color:var(--ink-faint);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;margin-bottom:8px}.correction-notice{margin:16px 0 28px;padding:12px 16px;background:var(--corrected-bg);border-left:3px solid var(--corrected);font-size:14px}.correction-notice a{color:var(--corrected)}.takeaways{margin:28px 0;padding:18px 20px;background:var(--tint);border-left:3px solid var(--ink)}.takeaways-label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-bottom:8px}.takeaways ul{margin:0;padding-left:20px}.takeaways li{margin-bottom:4px}.article-body{font-size:17px;line-height:1.85}.article-body h2{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:22px;margin-top:40px}.article-body h3{font-size:18px;margin-top:32px}.article-body p{margin:0 0 20px}.article-body blockquote{margin:24px 0;padding-left:16px;border-left:2px solid var(--rule-strong);color:var(--ink-soft)}.inline-source{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--ink-faint);color:var(--ink)}.inline-source:hover{border-bottom-style:solid;color:var(--link)}.source-list{margin-top:48px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.source-list-label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-bottom:10px}.source-list ol{margin:0;padding-left:20px;font-size:14px}.source-list li{margin-bottom:6px}.source-list a{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px}.article-body table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;margin:24px 0}.article-body th{text-align:left;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-weight:500;font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding:8px 12px 8px 0}.article-body td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:10px 12px 10px 0;vertical-align:top}.register-page .article-body table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:14px;margin:24px 0}.register-page .article-body th{text-align:left;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-weight:500;font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding:8px 12px 8px 0}.register-page .article-body td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:10px 12px 10px 0;vertical-align:top}.register-intro{color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:15px;margin-bottom:12px}.page-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:30px;margin:24px 0 20px}@media(max-width:860px){.hero,.item-grid,.topic-cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}.footer-cols{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;row-gap:24px}.lead-title{font-size:30px}.masthead-wordmark{font-size:30px}}@media(max-width:520px){.masthead-wordmark{font-size:24px}.item-thumb{flex-basis:100px}.footer-cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.panel{background:var(--tint);padding:18px 20px 10px;margin-bottom:18px}.panel-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:18px;margin:0 0 6px}.panel-title-2{margin-top:14px}.panel-row{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;padding:9px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:none;color:var(--ink);font-size:15px}.panel-row span{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-faint)}.panel-row:hover strong{color:var(--link)}.article-meta>*{margin-right:14px}.article-meta .topic-tag{margin-left:0}.toc{margin:24px 0;padding:14px 18px;border:1px solid var(--rule);font-size:14px}.toc-label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-bottom:6px}.toc ul{margin:0;padding-left:18px}.toc>nav>ul{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.toc li{margin:3px 0}.toc a{color:var(--ink)}.toc a:hover{color:var(--link)}.article-body code{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.9em;background:var(--tint);padding:1px 5px}.article-body pre{overflow-x:auto}.article-body pre code{background:0 0;padding:0;font-size:13px}.highlight{margin:22px 0;border:1px solid var(--rule)}.highlight pre{margin:0;padding:14px 16px;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6}.revisions{margin-top:40px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);font-size:14px}.revisions-label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-bottom:8px}.revisions-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.revisions-list li{padding:7px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.rev-no{display:inline-block;min-width:56px;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px;font-weight:600}.rev-no{display:inline-block;min-width:96px;margin-right:8px}.revisions-list time{display:inline-block;min-width:96px;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-faint)}.rev-note{color:var(--ink-soft)}.series-nav{margin-top:32px;padding:16px 18px;background:var(--tint);border-left:3px solid var(--ink);font-size:14px}.series-label{font-weight:600}.series-nav ol{margin:8px 0 0;padding-left:22px}.series-nav li{margin:3px 0}.bg{background-color:#fff}.chroma{background-color:#fff}.chroma .err{color:#a61717;background-color:#e3d2d2}.chroma .lnlinks{outline:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit}.chroma .lntd{vertical-align:top;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}.chroma .lntable{border-spacing:0;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}.chroma .hl{background-color:#e5e5e5}.chroma .lnt{white-space:pre;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;margin-right:.4em;padding:0 .4em;color:#7f7f7f}.chroma .ln{white-space:pre;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none;margin-right:.4em;padding:0 .4em;color:#7f7f7f}.chroma .line{display:flex}.chroma .k{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kc{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kd{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kn{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kp{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kr{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .kt{color:#458;font-weight:700}.chroma .na{color:teal}.chroma .nb{color:#0086b3}.chroma .bp{color:#999}.chroma .nc{color:#458;font-weight:700}.chroma .no{color:teal}.chroma .nd{color:#3c5d5d;font-weight:700}.chroma .ni{color:purple}.chroma .ne{color:#900;font-weight:700}.chroma .nf{color:#900;font-weight:700}.chroma .nl{color:#900;font-weight:700}.chroma .nn{color:#555}.chroma .nt{color:navy}.chroma .nv{color:teal}.chroma .vc{color:teal}.chroma .vg{color:teal}.chroma .vi{color:teal}.chroma .s{color:#d14}.chroma .sa{color:#d14}.chroma .sb{color:#d14}.chroma .sc{color:#d14}.chroma .dl{color:#d14}.chroma .sd{color:#d14}.chroma .s2{color:#d14}.chroma .se{color:#d14}.chroma .sh{color:#d14}.chroma .si{color:#d14}.chroma .sx{color:#d14}.chroma .sr{color:#009926}.chroma .s1{color:#d14}.chroma .ss{color:#990073}.chroma .m{color:#099}.chroma .mb{color:#099}.chroma .mf{color:#099}.chroma .mh{color:#099}.chroma .mi{color:#099}.chroma .il{color:#099}.chroma .mo{color:#099}.chroma .o{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .ow{color:#000;font-weight:700}.chroma .c{color:#998;font-style:italic}.chroma .ch{color:#998;font-style:italic}.chroma .cm{color:#998;font-style:italic}.chroma .c1{color:#998;font-style:italic}.chroma .cs{color:#999;font-weight:700;font-style:italic}.chroma .cp{color:#999;font-weight:700;font-style:italic}.chroma .cpf{color:#999;font-weight:700;font-style:italic}.chroma .gd{color:#000;background-color:#fdd}.chroma .ge{color:#000;font-style:italic}.chroma .gr{color:#a00}.chroma .gh{color:#999}.chroma .gi{color:#000;background-color:#dfd}.chroma .go{color:#888}.chroma .gp{color:#555}.chroma .gs{font-weight:700}.chroma .gu{color:#aaa}.chroma .gt{color:#a00}.chroma .gl{text-decoration:underline}.chroma .w{color:#bbb}.home{padding-bottom:24px}.card-thumb,.banner-img{position:relative;display:block;background:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,transparent 0 10px,rgba(20,24,28,.035) 10px 11px),var(--tint);border-bottom:none}.thumb-tag{position:absolute;left:10px;bottom:8px;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:11px;color:var(--ink-soft)}.card-thumb img,.feature-img img,.banner-img img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;display:block}.card-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(5,minmax(0,1fr));column-gap:20px;row-gap:28px;padding-top:14px}.card{min-width:0}.card-thumb{aspect-ratio:16/9;margin-bottom:12px}.card .item-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;row-gap:4px}.card-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:17px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:600;margin:8px 0 4px}.card-title a{color:var(--ink);border-bottom:none}.card-title a:hover{color:var(--link)}.card .item-summary{font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;margin:0 0 6px}.band{background:var(--band);color:var(--on-dark);margin:36px 0 0;padding:8px 0 30px}.band .section-head{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-top:none;padding-top:24px}.band .section-head a{color:var(--on-dark)}.band .item{border-bottom-color:var(--rule-on-dark-band)}.band .item-title a{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.band .item-title a:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-bottom:1px solid var(--on-dark-strong)}.band .item-summary{color:var(--on-dark)}.band .label{color:var(--on-dark)}.band .label:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.band .item-date{color:var(--on-dark-faint)}.banner{padding:0}.banner-inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;align-items:stretch}.banner-img{min-height:240px;margin:0 -24px 0 0}.banner--flip .banner-img{order:2;margin:0 0 0 -24px}.banner-body{padding:36px 44px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.banner-eyebrow{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;margin-bottom:10px}.banner-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:28px;line-height:1.35;margin:0 0 14px}.banner-title a{border-bottom:none}.banner-list{margin:0 0 18px;padding-left:20px;font-size:15px}.banner-list li{margin:4px 0}.banner-text{margin:0 0 18px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}.banner-cta{align-self:flex-start;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid}.banner-cta:hover{border-bottom-color:initial}.banner--light{background:var(--tint)}.banner--light .banner-eyebrow{color:var(--ink-soft)}.banner--light .banner-title a{color:var(--ink)}.banner--light .banner-title a:hover{color:var(--link)}.banner--light .banner-list a{color:var(--ink)}.banner--light .banner-list a:hover{color:var(--link)}.banner--light .banner-cta{color:var(--ink)}.banner--light .banner-img{background:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,transparent 0 10px,rgba(20,24,28,5%) 10px 11px),var(--surface-placeholder)}.banner--dark{background:var(--surface-dark);color:var(--on-dark)}.banner--dark .banner-eyebrow{color:var(--on-dark-faint)}.banner--dark .banner-title a{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.banner--dark .banner-text{color:var(--on-dark)}.banner--dark .banner-cta{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.banner--dark .banner-cta:hover{background:var(--on-dark-strong);color:var(--surface-dark)}.banner--dark .banner-img{background:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,transparent 0 10px,rgba(255,255,255,5%) 10px 11px),var(--surface-dark-soft)}.banner--dark .thumb-tag{color:var(--on-dark-faint)}@media(max-width:1000px){.card-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}@media(max-width:860px){.banner-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr}.banner-img,.banner--flip .banner-img{order:0;margin:0 -24px;min-height:160px}.banner-body{padding:26px 0 30px}.banner-title{font-size:24px}}@media(max-width:640px){.card-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;row-gap:0;padding-top:6px}.card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:104px 1fr;column-gap:14px;padding:16px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.card>*{grid-column:2}.card>.card-thumb{grid-column:1;grid-row:1/span 4;aspect-ratio:4/3;margin:0;align-self:start}.card-title{margin-top:6px}}.feature{display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;margin-top:16px;background:var(--surface-dark)}.feature-img{position:relative;display:block;min-height:360px;border-bottom:none;background:repeating-linear-gradient(135deg,transparent 0 10px,rgba(255,255,255,5%) 10px 11px),var(--surface-dark-soft)}.feature-img .thumb-tag{color:var(--on-dark-faint)}.feature-body{padding:36px 40px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;color:var(--on-dark)}.feature-body .item-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;row-gap:4px}.feature-body .label{color:var(--on-dark)}.feature-body .label:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.feature-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:30px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:700;margin:16px 0 12px}.feature-title a{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-bottom:none}.feature-title a:hover{border-bottom:1px solid var(--on-dark-strong)}.feature-summary{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 14px;color:var(--on-dark-soft)}.feature-takeaways{margin:0 0 18px;padding:0 0 0 14px;border-left:3px solid var(--on-dark-strong);list-style-position:inside;font-size:14px}.feature-takeaways li{margin-bottom:3px}.feature-body .item-date{color:var(--on-dark-faint)}.feature+.section{padding-top:24px}.topic-strip{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin:22px 0 0;padding-top:14px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.topic-strip-label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-right:6px}.topic-strip .topic-tag{margin-left:0;font-size:13px;padding:3px 10px}.topic-strip .topic-tag span{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:11px;color:var(--ink-faint);margin-left:4px}@media(max-width:860px){.feature{grid-template-columns:1fr}.feature-img{min-height:0;aspect-ratio:16/9}.feature-body{padding:24px 20px 26px}.feature-title{font-size:24px}}.utility-inner{flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:20px;row-gap:2px}.utility-right{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px}.lang-switch{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.lang-switch a{color:var(--on-dark);border-bottom:1px solid transparent;padding:2px 6px}.lang-switch a:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.lang-switch a.is-current{color:var(--on-dark-strong);font-weight:700;border-bottom-color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.lang-switch .lang-sep{color:var(--on-dark-dim)}.utility a:focus-visible{outline-color:var(--on-dark-strong)}:root[data-theme=dark]{--paper:#0a1017;--tint:#111b26;--ink:#e7eef5;--ink-soft:#9db0c2;--ink-faint:#6c8196;--rule:#1e2d3d;--rule-strong:#34495f;--verified:#2fd4c0;--verified-bg:#0d2a2a;--corrected:#f2a65a;--corrected-bg:#2b2013;--draft:#9aabbb;--draft-bg:#172230;--link:#4cc9f0;--footer-bg:#05080c;--band:#0e1721;--surface-placeholder:#16222f;--title:#bcc9d6;--title-on-dark:#c5d0db;--accent:#22d3ee;--accent-glow:rgba(34, 211, 238, 0.32);--grid-line:rgba(76, 201, 240, 0.06);color-scheme:dark}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]){--paper:#0a1017;--tint:#111b26;--ink:#e7eef5;--ink-soft:#9db0c2;--ink-faint:#6c8196;--rule:#1e2d3d;--rule-strong:#34495f;--verified:#2fd4c0;--verified-bg:#0d2a2a;--corrected:#f2a65a;--corrected-bg:#2b2013;--draft:#9aabbb;--draft-bg:#172230;--link:#4cc9f0;--footer-bg:#05080c;--band:#0e1721;--surface-placeholder:#16222f;--title:#bcc9d6;--title-on-dark:#c5d0db;--accent:#22d3ee;--accent-glow:rgba(34, 211, 238, 0.32);--grid-line:rgba(76, 201, 240, 0.06);color-scheme:dark}}.theme-toggle{appearance:none;background:0 0;border:1px solid var(--on-dark-dim);color:var(--on-dark);font:inherit;font-size:12px;line-height:1;padding:3px 9px;cursor:pointer;border-radius:3px}.theme-toggle:hover{color:var(--on-dark-strong);border-color:var(--on-dark-strong)}.theme-toggle:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--on-dark-strong);outline-offset:2px}.theme-toggle[hidden]{display:none}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:-9999px;top:0;background:var(--surface-dark-soft);color:var(--on-dark-strong);padding:8px 14px;z-index:10;border-bottom:none}.skip-link:focus{left:8px;top:8px}.pager{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin:24px 0;font-size:14px}.feature-img .thumb-tag{z-index:1}::selection{background:var(--accent);color:var(--paper)}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible{outline-color:var(--accent)}body::before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;background-image:linear-gradient(var(--grid-line) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,var(--grid-line) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:32px 32px;-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(#000,transparent 75%);mask-image:linear-gradient(#000,transparent 75%)}.utility{font-family:var(--font-mono);letter-spacing:.02em;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-on-dark)}.masthead-wordmark{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:34px;letter-spacing:-.02em}.masthead-wordmark a::after{content:"_";color:var(--accent);margin-left:2px;animation:caret-blink 1.1s steps(1)infinite}@keyframes caret-blink{50%{opacity:0}}.masthead-tagline{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.01em}.nav-wrap{border-top:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);position:relative}.nav-wrap::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;height:2px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent),transparent 70%)}.site-nav a{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px;letter-spacing:.04em;transition:color .15s,border-color .15s}.site-nav a:hover,.site-nav a:focus-visible{color:var(--accent);border-bottom-color:var(--accent)}.site-nav a.is-active{color:var(--accent);border-bottom-color:var(--accent)}.section-head{border-top:none;padding-top:18px;background:linear-gradient(var(--accent),var(--accent))0 0/44px 3px no-repeat,linear-gradient(var(--rule),var(--rule))0 0/100% 1px no-repeat}.band .section-head{background:linear-gradient(var(--accent),var(--accent))0 0/44px 3px no-repeat}.section-head a{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px}.feature{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--rule),0 12px 48px -20px var(--accent-glow)}.feature-takeaways{border-left-color:var(--accent)}.feature-title{letter-spacing:-.005em}.card{padding:12px;background:var(--tint);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;transition:border-color .18s,box-shadow .18s,transform .18s}.card:hover,.card:focus-within{border-color:var(--accent);box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--accent),0 8px 28px -10px var(--accent-glow);transform:translateY(-2px)}.card-thumb{border-radius:2px}.item{transition:background-color .15s,box-shadow .15s}.item:hover{box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 var(--accent);background:var(--tint);padding-left:12px}.item-date,.card .item-date{letter-spacing:.04em}.status-badge{border-radius:2px;letter-spacing:.03em}.status-badge--verified::before{box-shadow:0 0 6px 1px currentColor}.topic-tag,.label{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px}.topic-tag{border-radius:2px;transition:border-color .15s,color .15s}.topic-tag:hover{border-color:var(--accent);color:var(--accent)}.label:hover{color:var(--accent)}.band{border-top:1px solid var(--rule-on-dark);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule-on-dark)}.banner-cta{border-radius:2px;transition:background-color .15s,color .15s}.article-title{letter-spacing:-.005em}.article-body a{color:var(--link)}.article-body img,.article-body figure img{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:8px}.takeaways,.series-nav{border-left-color:var(--accent);border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.toc{border-radius:4px;border-left:3px solid var(--accent)}.toc-label,.source-list-label,.revisions-label,.series-label,.takeaways-label{color:var(--accent);letter-spacing:.06em}.article-body blockquote{border-left-color:var(--accent)}.article-body code{border-radius:3px}.article-body pre,.article-body .highlight{border-radius:4px}.site-footer{position:relative;border-top:1px solid var(--rule-on-dark)}.site-footer::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:-1px;height:2px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent),transparent 70%)}.footer-wordmark{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:18px}.footer-col h4{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--accent)}@media(max-width:640px){.masthead{padding:18px 20px 12px}.masthead-wordmark{font-size:22px}.masthead-tagline{font-size:11px;margin-top:6px}.utility-inner{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.utility-inner>span{display:none}.utility-right{width:100%;justify-content:space-between}.site-nav{flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 20px;scrollbar-width:none;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.site-nav::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.site-nav a{flex:none;margin-right:22px;padding:14px 0 10px}.page{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.banner-img,.banner--flip .banner-img{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px}.feature-body{padding:20px 18px 22px}.article-title{font-size:26px}.page-title{font-size:24px}.article-body img{padding:4px}.article-body table{display:block;overflow-x:auto}.article-body pre{overflow-x:auto}}@media(pointer:coarse){.site-nav a,.theme-toggle,.lang-switch a{min-height:40px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center}.topic-tag{padding-top:6px;padding-bottom:6px}}:root:not([data-theme=dark]){--ink-faint:#5f6469}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]){--ink-faint:#8aa0b4}}:root[data-theme=dark]{--ink-faint:#8aa0b4}[data-topic=lasers]{--tc:#ff6b6b}[data-topic=optical-communications]{--tc:#22d3ee}[data-topic=mechanical-machining]{--tc:#fbbf24}[data-topic=electromechanical-control]{--tc:#4ade80}[data-topic=semiconductors]{--tc:#a78bfa}.card,.item,.label{--tc:var(--accent)}[data-topic=lasers].card,[data-topic=lasers].item,[data-topic=lasers].label{--tc:#ff6b6b}[data-topic=optical-communications].card,[data-topic=optical-communications].item,[data-topic=optical-communications].label{--tc:#22d3ee}[data-topic=mechanical-machining].card,[data-topic=mechanical-machining].item,[data-topic=mechanical-machining].label{--tc:#fbbf24}[data-topic=electromechanical-control].card,[data-topic=electromechanical-control].item,[data-topic=electromechanical-control].label{--tc:#4ade80}[data-topic=semiconductors].card,[data-topic=semiconductors].item,[data-topic=semiconductors].label{--tc:#a78bfa}.nav-wrap::before{height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#ff6b6b,#fbbf24,#4ade80,#22d3ee,#a78bfa);box-shadow:0 0 14px -2px rgba(34,211,238,.55)}.stat-strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:1px;margin:22px 0 18px;background:var(--rule);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden}.stat{background:var(--tint);padding:14px 18px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:2px;position:relative}.stat::before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;width:3px;background:var(--accent);opacity:.85}.stat:nth-child(1)::before{background:#22d3ee}.stat:nth-child(2)::before{background:#fbbf24}.stat:nth-child(3)::before{background:#a78bfa}.stat-num{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:30px;line-height:1.1;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.stat-name{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--ink-soft)}.home{counter-reset:sec}.home .section-head>span:first-child::before{counter-increment:sec;content:"0" counter(sec)" / ";font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:13px;color:var(--accent);margin-right:6px;letter-spacing:.06em}.card{border-top:3px solid var(--tc)}.label{color:var(--tc)}.label:hover{color:var(--tc);filter:brightness(1.15)}.item{box-shadow:inset 2px 0 0 var(--tc);padding-left:12px}.item:hover{box-shadow:inset 4px 0 0 var(--tc)}.card:hover,.card:focus-within{border-color:var(--tc);box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--tc),0 8px 28px -10px var(--tc)}@media(min-width:1001px){.card-row{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,minmax(0,1fr))}.card-row .card:first-child{grid-column:span 2;grid-row:span 2;padding:18px}.card-row .card:first-child .card-title{font-size:24px}.card-row .card:first-child .item-summary{font-size:15px}.card-row .card:first-child{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.card-row .card:first-child .card-thumb{aspect-ratio:auto;flex:auto;min-height:180px}}@media(max-width:640px){.stat-strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.stat{padding:12px}.stat-num{font-size:24px}}.item-meta>.label:first-child,.feature-body .item-meta>.label:first-child{margin-left:0}.edit-mark{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:22px;height:22px;border-radius:50%;color:var(--corrected);background:var(--corrected-bg);border:1px solid var(--corrected);vertical-align:middle;cursor:help}.article-title,.page-title,.lead-title a,.item-title a,.card-title a,.masthead-wordmark a,.article-body h1,.article-body h2,.article-body h3,.article-body h4,.section-head,.topic-index li a{color:var(--title)}.feature-title a,.banner--dark .banner-title a,.band .item-title a,.band .section-head,.footer-wordmark{color:var(--title-on-dark)}.card-title a:hover,.item-title a:hover,.lead-title a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.label{color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--tc) 55%,var(--ink-soft))}.label:hover{color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--tc) 80%,var(--ink-soft));filter:none}.feature-body .label,.band .label{color:color-mix(in srgb,var(--tc) 55%,var(--on-dark))}.label{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}.topic-tag{font-size:13px}.thumb-tag{font-size:13px}.label{font-size:16px}.topic-tag{font-size:14px}.thumb-tag{font-size:14px}.card-title{font-size:20px;line-height:1.4}.item-title{font-size:22px}.feature-title{font-size:34px}.article-title{font-size:40px}.section-head{font-size:24px}.page-title{font-size:34px}@media(min-width:1001px){.card-row .card:first-child .card-title{font-size:28px}}@media(max-width:860px){.feature-title{font-size:28px}.article-title{font-size:32px}}@media(max-width:640px){.card-title{font-size:19px}.item-title{font-size:20px}.feature-title{font-size:24px}.article-title{font-size:28px}.section-head{font-size:22px}.page-title{font-size:28px}}.widget{margin:28px 0;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-top:3px solid var(--accent);border-radius:4px;background:var(--tint)}.widget-head{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:12px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);color:var(--title)}.widget-tag{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;color:var(--accent);border:1px solid var(--accent);border-radius:2px;padding:1px 6px}.widget-body{padding:14px 16px 6px}.widget-row{display:block;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:14px;color:var(--ink-soft)}.widget-row span{display:block;margin-bottom:6px}.widget-row output{font-family:var(--font-mono);color:var(--ink)}.widget select,.widget input[type=range]{width:100%;max-width:100%}.widget select{font:inherit;padding:8px 10px;color:var(--ink);background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);border-radius:3px}.widget input[type=range]{accent-color:var(--accent)}.widget-note{font-size:12px;color:var(--ink-faint);margin:6px 0 12px}.te-result{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:22px;color:var(--ink);margin:6px 0 4px}.te-result strong{color:var(--accent)}.te-verdict{font-size:13px;margin-left:10px;padding:1px 8px;border-radius:2px;border:1px solid}.te-verdict.is-ok{color:var(--verified)}.te-verdict.is-over{color:var(--corrected)}.te-scale{width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.te-axis{stroke:var(--rule-strong);stroke-width:2}.te-ticks line{stroke:var(--ink-faint);stroke-width:1}.te-ticks text{fill:var(--ink-faint);font-size:10px;font-family:var(--font-mono)}.te-ticks line.te-ref{stroke:var(--accent);stroke-width:2}.te-ticks text.te-ref{fill:var(--accent);stroke:none}.te-dot{fill:var(--accent);stroke:var(--paper);stroke-width:2;transition:cx .15s}